For example, the kidney secretes the endocrine hormone erythropoietin. In addition to the specialized endocrine organs mentioned above, many other organs that are part of other body systems have secondary endocrine functions, including bone, kidneys, liver, heart and gonads. Glands that signal each other in sequence are often referred to as an axis, such as the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis. It is one of the most important systems of the human body. The study of the endocrine system and its disorders is known as endocrinology. Other organs, such as the kidneys, also have roles within the endocrine system by secreting certain hormones. The hypothalamus, pancreas, and thymus also function as endocrine glands, among other functions. ![]() In humans, the major endocrine glands are the thyroid gland, parathyroid gland, pituitary gland, pineal gland, the testes (male), ovaries (female), and the adrenal glands. In vertebrates, the hypothalamus is the neural control center for all endocrine systems. ![]() The endocrine system is a messenger system comprising feedback loops of the hormones released by internal glands of an organism directly into the circulatory system, regulating distant target organs.
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